Author Eric Barnes on Publishing and Post-Apocalyptic Fiction

Author Eric Barnes on Publishing and Post-Apocalyptic Fiction Youd think that ones post as the CEO of several major metropolitan newspapers throughout Tennessee, and author of multiple science fiction novels, would make the road to publishing an easy one. But Eric Barnes, host of Behind the Headlines on WKNO TV and author of four novels, including his most recently published post-Apocalyptic foray, Above the Ether, admits that its a little more complicated than that. Heres his advice for how writers can navigate the labyrinthine terrain of publishing without giving up, selling out, or letting rejection letters be the final word.Author Eric Barnes. Photo by Andrew BreigTonya: Our readers are a mix of indie authors and authors who have gone through more traditional publishing houses. What is your advice about the publishing process (either indie or traditional or both) from your experience?Eric: For the kind of novels I write, the publishing process is, to say the least, difficult. Its slow-moving and convoluted. Thats not a criticism of the publ ishers whove published my books. Its simply a comment on the reality of a very complicated business that has been in the midst of massive change for a few decades now.First there was the rise of big, corporate publisher, which bought up and combined many of the long-time independent publishing houses. Then there was the rise of massive chain bookstores like Borders and Barnes Noble. That was followed by the arrival of Amazon, a disruption that only continues as readers shift to e-readers even as independent bookstores increasingly find ways to thrive.In the midst of that, there are so many writers throwing so many manuscripts at a shrinking number of publishers who have a dramatically smaller universe of stores in which to sell those books.And meanwhile, the very process of assessing a manuscript is mind-blowingly slow. For fiction of some level of seriousness â€" I hate the term literary fiction but thats all there is â€" theres no way to fairly assess a manuscript with(out) spend ing quite a bit of time on it. Put another way, it takes hours (sometimes many, many hours) to read a book, no matter how quick a reader you are.Thats even before you get to the incredible cost involved in editing, designing, printing, distributing and selling a book.The process, in other words, is a labyrinth. Its slow, by necessity. And its all built on a business model that leaves little room for error.Tonya: Where did you get the idea for your newest book, Above the Ether, and how long did it take you to write it?Eric: The idea for Above the Ether came from my previous novel, The City Where We Once Lived, which is about a city thats been abandoned and the few thousand people who have chosen to live there. The city in that novel has been devastated not by a plague or some virus, but by bad decisions, inattention, abandonment. All animals have fled, all the plants and trees have died.The main character in City assumes that everyone, everywhere lives with this sort of death of plan ts and animals. But toward the end of the novel, a new person comes to the city. And, very offhandedly, he tells the main character why hes fled his home and come to this city.The animals that left this place, they didnt all just die. They went to other places. Like the city we are from. Huge packs of dogs. Feral cats. The failed efforts of the city to wipe them out with poison, so many dead animals that they had to leave carcasses in piles on corners and overflowing from dumpsters and still the animals roamed the street.The City Where We Once Lived by Eric BarnesAnd so I decided I wanted to write a book about that other city, and other cities and places like it, that were going through some kind of slow-motion disaster. Again, not plagues or runaway viruses or zombie apocalypses â€" just places dealing with the everyday decisions that we make or are made for us.Tonya: A lot of successful authors have a daily word count goal or specific method of getting a book written. Do you have either? What does a typical writing session look like for you?Eric: I need to write every day to be effective. I cant wait till I feel the inspiration. I have to schedule regular time, consistency, in order to be writing frequently enough that Im either at my desk when I feel inspired or the consistency itself generates more and more inspiration.Because of this, if I know I wont be able to write tomorrow, I will struggle to write today. Because if I cant write tomorrow, but todays writing goes badly, I will be incredibly frustrated.The reality, of course, is that I cant write every day. So I try to find stretches of time â€" 2 weeks or 4 weeks or sometimes as many as 6 weeks â€" where Ill be able to write for at least an hour most every day. That way I feel like Ill have some consistency, a routine, that I can rely on when writing goes badly. Which it does.I dont set a word count, just this goal of building a routine, but I do count words. I might write 100 words, I might write 1,50 0. But the goal is to write consistently.Also, I mostly write in the morning, usually from 5:30 to 7:30, then Ill read and edit what Ive written in the evening.Tonya: As CEO of several newspapers, you obviously have other obligations beyond writing novels. What is your advice for authors struggling to get a novel written when it isnt their primary occupation?Eric: It can be a nightmare. Writing is time-consuming and, at its worst, maddeningly frustrating. For me, I just have to be hyper-scheduled â€" down to the hour and minute of the day â€" as far as when I write, when I parent, when I see friends, and so on. Its hard on the people around you. You just have to accept that, as do they.The economic reality is that, for what I write (and, honestly, for what most fiction writers do), its exceedingly difficult to make a living off of novels. For many years, this meant I was personally at war with the two sides of my life â€" my writing life, and my day job. That wasnt healthy. Over tim e, I found a way devote enough time to both that they coexist much better.Tonya: What is it about the post-apoc/dystopian subgenre of Science Fiction that fascinates you most and do you have any favorite authors who write it?Eric: I grew up reading a lot â€" almost all â€" of Kurt Vonneguts novels and non-fiction. I loved how he could circle into and around science fiction, even as he was writing painful, funny, beautiful and deeply serious books. But I also read a lot of serious, entirely real fiction that I wanted to emulate, especially work by Raymond Carver, Richard Ford and others.But then there were three books I read over a number of years â€" For the Time Being by Annie Dillard, and Cormac McCarthys Blood Meridien and The Road â€" and I started wanting to write differently. Id always like complicated, multi-character narratives. My first two novels, Shimmer and, especially, Something Pretty, Something Beautiful, both had multiple narrators and a way that I could use the mult iple narrators to shift time and place.Now I wanted to write with more unreal elements. More that was made up.With both The City Where We Once Lived and Above the Ether, though, what I did not want to do is write post-apocalyptic novels where thered been some sort of war or plague. Not that theres anything wrong with doing that, I just felt like, first, that had been done. And second, I wanted to shine more light and attention on decisions we make now and the outcomes of those decisions.Tonya: Do you have any specific advice for a writer interested in publishing in the post-apoc/dystopian subgenre? Is there any trope thats been overdone or any new slant publishers are looking for?Eric: I really dont know what advice Id give. For better and worse, Im not a writer who can write toward what publishers want or need. I have to write a story that interests me, which means taking a massive risk on whether that novel will also be of interest to a publisher. Twice, Ive misfired and written n ovels that ultimately didnt get published. But I dont regret writing those manuscripts. Had I not written them, I wouldnt have written the ones that followed.

First Impressions in Pride and Prejudice Essay - 887 Words

Pride and Prejudice was originally and appropriately titled â€Å"First Impressions.† This romantic and philosophical novel demonstrates to its readers how first impressions can drastically get in the way of romantic relationships. First impressions are generally inaccurate, as in the case of Elizabeth Bennet and Fitzwilliam Darcy, and also the case of Jane Bennet and Charles Bingley. The first impressions can, however, be accurate, such as in the case of Elizabeth Bennet and William Collins. In this so-called â€Å"relationship,† Elizabeth understood all along that Mr. Collins was a particularly disgusting man who liked to fawn over everyone he met. Mr. Collins, however, thought at first that Elizabeth was exactly like all of the other girls of her†¦show more content†¦If he would have let go of all his first impressions, Elizabeth might have been able to â€Å"forgive his pride† (Austen, 19) Not until he had done so did Elizabeth accept his proposal. H is humble second proposal made it easier for Elizabeth to forget her first impressions about Mr. Darcy. Even though they did mend the situation by realizing their true love for each other, they would have never even gotten into this situation if they did not let their first impressions get the better of them. Yet another example of the devastating results of first impressions lies in the situation between Jane and Mr. Bingley. This time, however, the conflict was not necessarily brought about by Jane and Mr. Bingley themselves. This type of conflict was brought about unintentionally, because of a friend’s loyalty. Because of Mr. Darcy’s incorrect first impressions of Jane, a potentially perfect relationship between Jane and Mr. Bingley was ruined for quite some time. Mr. Darcy was under the impression that Jane did not love Mr. Bingley as more than just a friend, and acted upon these first impressions. Instead of taking time to verify the facts, he let his first impre ssions take control, thereby hurting Jane in the process. While his intentions were good, the outcome was not. This is yet another result of how potential relationships can be devastated by acting on first impressions. As seen throughout the novel, Pride andShow MoreRelatedPride and Prejudice- First Impressions1392 Words   |  6 PagesThe novel Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen was originally titled First Impressions. This is significant because it reflects the values and attitudes of 19th century England, and portrays the main themes of the novel. It is set in England during the 1800s and Austen focuses on a society whose opinions are based on first impressions. This is achieved through cultural context, characterisation, narratorial commentary, and methods/techniques. During the 19th Century, first impressions were veryRead MoreFirst Impressions: Pride and Prejudice750 Words   |  3 Pages There is great truth to the phrase, â€Å"You never get a second chance to make a first impression,† as they are said to be very important in the establishment of relationships. In Jane Austen’s renowned book, Pride and Prejudice, first impressions play a big role in the sequence of events that take place, as they form the fundamentals of the characters’ interactions with one another. This is a novel about overcoming obstacles and attaining sentimental prosperity. For the protagonists, Elizabeth andRead MoreEssay on Pride and Prejudice First Impressions1113 Words   |  5 PagesFirst Impressions Summary: The original title for Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen was First Impressions. Even though Pride and Prejudice is a well thought out title for the novel, First Impressions is what the novel really is about. The novel is based on Elizabeth and what her impressions are about the people she decided to associate herself with. First Impressions The original title for Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen was First Impressions. Even though Pride and Prejudice is a well thoughtRead More Pride and Prejudice Essay: First Impressions527 Words   |  3 PagesFirst Impressions in Pride and Prejudice      Ã‚  Ã‚   First impressions are very important in Jane Austins Pride and Prejudice. As the story develops, we discover how the prejudices and first impressions of each of the main characters change. The primary focus is on the character of Elizabeth Bennet.    Elizabeths judgments about other characters dispositions are accurate about half of the time.   While she is correct about Mr. Collins and how absurdly self-serving he is and about Lady CatherineRead MoreEssay on Pride And Prejudice: First Impressions803 Words   |  4 Pages First Impressions First impressions are very important. In the Victorian age, people based their whole opinion of someone on first impressions. Most times the first impression of someone is not the way they truly are. Sometimes a first impression can cause you to think negative of someone but later you find out that they are very nice and a very positive person. One example is when Mr. Darcy meets Elizabeth in the book ,Pride and Prejudice. Elizabeth thinks Mr.darcy is a cruel and arrogant personRead MoreThe Role of First Impressions in Pride and Prejudice Essay509 Words   |  3 PagesThe Role of First Impressions in Pride and Prejudice First impressions play a very important role in Pride and Prejudice. The narrative describes how the prejudices and first impressions (especially those dealing with pride) of the main characters change throughout the novel. From the beginning of the book in chapter 1, we see that Mrs. Bennet lives in a mercenary society where her whole life revolves around money. This shows in her eagerness to meet Bingley. She isRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen Essay1193 Words   |  5 Pages Half Half There is a second title to the novel Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen. Jane Austen did not initially call the book title Pride and Prejudice but rather called it First Impressions. Although this book initially had a different title, they both have a significance at two different halves of the book.The initial title First Impressions that Austen gave to the book is dominantly reflected throughout the beginning. As the novel progressesRead MoreFirst Impressions Can Change It All Essay1036 Words   |  5 Pageshave already made a first impression of a person. The first impressions you get of a person might not always be who they turn out to be. It is about giving people a chance as shown in Pride and Prejudice. Pride and Prejudice is a book first titled First Impressions. Pride and Prejudice is a book where the characters make the plot and the novel itself. It is based upon the first impressions one character makes of another and the story revolv es around this. First Impressions embody the themes inRead MoreThe Ways the Theme of Pride and Prejudice is Revealed Through the Characters of Elizabeth Bennet and Darcy913 Words   |  4 PagesThe Ways the Theme of Pride and Prejudice is Revealed Through the Characters of Elizabeth Bennet and Darcy In Austens time it was typical of people of a higher status to look down on people below them; to be totally blinded by pride and to be prejudiced against those who have less wealth, connections and social status than them. People of a lower status also were prejudice against those higher than themselves. This is brilliantly portrayed in the characters of ElizabethRead MorePride and Prejudice by Jane Austen1193 Words   |  5 PagesIn the novel â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† by Jane Austen, the internal conflict of the main character- Elizabeth Bennet was used to explore the novels central theme of pride. Elizabeth faces an internal conflict between her poor first impression of Darcy and the virtuous traits Darcy exhibits later in the novel. Elizabeth Bennet is a character that takes pride on being an excellent judge of character. Her poor first impression of Darcy stems from his original insult to her and his snobbish demeanor. This

The Ethical Implications Of Doctor Prescribing - 832 Words

The process of identification involves the awareness that a decision needs to be made but also the recognition of the ethical implications of that decision (Manias 2013). The central ethical issue surrounds the doctor prescribing her medication for something other than its purpose. There is a moral and ethical reason for the patient to take the medication as prescribed. It is a matter of trust between the patient and doctor. According to Web-MD, Off-label means the medication is being used in a manner not specified in the FDA s approved packaging label, or insert. Every prescription drug marketed in the U.S. carries an individual, FDA-approved label. This label is a written report that provides detailed instructions regarding the†¦show more content†¦The common prototype for this objection is taking drugs to perform well on test. Taking drugs such as Ritalin, Adderall, Provigil and other drugs designed to keep them awake and focused provides the dishonest student with the ad vantage over his or her peers. Such an unfair advantage is a clear ethical issue. Merriam-Webster’s dictionary defines cheating as â€Å"to use dishonest methods to achieve a goal†. Ethical decisions are informed decisions; critical thinking about human problems requires knowledge (Manias 2013). Prescription medication is so controlling that a doctor must determine if it is in the best interest of the patient to take the medication. There are side effects and possible harmful effects with every prescription that is written. Legally, patients are not permitted to sell or share prescription medications with others. This matter is much more than just a legal implication. Morally and ethically, patients should beware that even though it may be well intentioned, they should at no time share or sell prescription medication. What is useful for one could possibly be fatal to another. Stakeholders Taking medication for the reason other than labeled Ways to cope with stressful situations Consequences Sara Addiction/codependent on medication to complete future assignments Focus, Go over any material from practice tests, Budget your time, Eat before a test, make sure you have sufficient time

Persuasive Essay On Abortion - 1059 Words

Pro-Life supporters believe that the fetus is a person, a human being that has the right to live, and an abortion is considered murder. A fetus is not a person and does not have any rights. A fetus is not and have not been considered a human being. A fetus is not able to survive on its own. The fetus depends fully on its mother’s body. Trying to prevent and discounting the abortion law in the United States will not help women. It would make matters worse for women. We have to protect women’s rights. Women have the right to decide their future. Those trying to restrict and illegalize abortions are not considering certain issues that women face. Woman have abortions for many and different reasons. Some of these women have to†¦show more content†¦Some use external injury jumping from the top of the stairs or from a roof to induce abortion, as well as inflicting blunt trauma (like punching or kicking) to the abdomen.† There are different types of abor tion that can me be performed in a safely matter to terminate a pregnancy. There is the â€Å"medication abortion†, which is also known as the â€Å"abortion pill†. The medication abortion process for up to 10 weeks: â€Å"involves taking medication to cause an early miscarriage (women experience cramping, pain and heavy bleeding); after 9 weeks gestation 2 visits to the clinic will be needed (the visits may be on the same day or up to 3 days apart); no surgery or anesthetic.† The medication abortion process from 10 weeks up to 24 weeks: â€Å"involves taking medication to cause the womb to contract and push out the pregnancy; 2 visits to the clinic are needed, and sometimes an overnight stay is needed on the 2nd visit.† The second type of abortion is the â€Å"aspiration abortion†, which is a surgical procedure. The surgical procedure process for up to 15 weeks: â€Å"removes the pregnancy by gentle suction; up to 14 weeks of pregnancy this can be done with local anaesthetic; â€Å"the quicker recovery time for this option means you can leave the clinic unattended and drive sooner; up to 15 weeks it can be done with sedation (relaxed and sleepy); one visit to the clinic and you go home the same day. Dilatation and evacuation between 15 and 24 weeks:Show MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay About Abortion993 Words   |  4 Pagesin two peoples perspectives. The story consisted of a daughter (Deb) and mother’s perspective after the death of her father. The purpose of this layout is to show how they are both grieving in individual ways. Writing for the persuasive was presented as an essay on why abortion should be accessible in every country, and to also outline the shame women receive. Purpose Purpose for writing publication- Purpose for writing a real-estate article was to inform a potential buyer on the house showed. AlsoRead MoreAbortion Persuasive Essay1119 Words   |  5 Pages To begin with, there has always been an extensive issue with the topic of abortion, why? Well, it’s a tough subject and can get extremely emotional and very defensive. Honestly, people just need to open up their eye’s and understand that its murder and not just a choice. It is murder because two can create a blessing and the choice of aborting it, is more like a sacrifice for the reason a mother can’t carry a baby for nine months. Whether a person is a minor, young adult, or an adult and is inRead MoreAbortion Persuasive Essay755 Words   |  4 Pagesinstead these babies are torn limb by limb, burned, and many other tortuous methods to end the precious life. Abortion is murder and is not only very cruel to the unborn baby but it also harms the mother. Pro-choice is an escape from the harsh reality that a baby is being murdered, and in my eyes a life should only be terminated if God himself is ready to call them home. One reason why abortion is wrong is because they are many other safe solutions that would give the child a chance at life. AdoptionRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion917 Words   |  4 PagesAbortions in Texas consist of ending a pregnancy of an unborn child before it can live out of the mother womb. However if the pregnancy ends not on purpose before the twenty four week mark then technically it would be considered a miscarriage. Though inducing the abortion on purpose has caused a lot of controversy over the past century. Deliberately putting people on one of two sides of this issues, of either being for it, which would be considered Pro Choice. Or in the other category of the ProRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion1635 Words   |  7 Pagessolve this issue the option of abortion was brought to the forefront by scientists and advocates such as Dan Savage who mentioned that abortion should be mandatory for the next 30 years in or to control the population. (Ertlet) For countri es such as the U.S. with a growth rate being 1.6%, the proposal of widespread abortion is highly recommended as mentioned by obstetricians and gynecologists. (MumfordKessel) Who now leaves the question as to if the option of abortion should be used as a means ofRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion1228 Words   |  5 Pagesmillion pregnancies each year in the United States, 1.6 million end up in abortion† (Hern). Because of the numerous traumatic psychological, physical, and overall irresponsible behavior or actions constantly encouraged due to abortion, it should be banned, and forever illegal. Killing one’s own fetus has been linked to psychological distress which has been channeled into many different cases of substance abuse. â€Å"Induced abortion has been linked to increased rates of substance abuse, especially amongRead MoreAbortion Persuasive Essay804 Words   |  4 Pagesfamily with someone. Often times accidents happen in which people didn’t plan for, and can lead to many financial problems or neglect of one’s child because the parents weren’t prepared to be parents. This is why there should be the option of abortion. Abortion needs to be an option for everyone because it helps from long lasting mental states, infection, economical problems, and or having conceived from a non consensual circumstance. Pregnancy is a hard and unforgiving to the woman’s body. In factRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion954 Words   |  4 Pagesand nations who destroy life by abortion and euthanasia are the poorest. I do not say legal or illegal, but I think that no human hand should be raised to kill life, since life is God’s life in us, even in an unborn child.† Do you know what abortion really is? Abortion is the ending of pregnancy by removing a fetus or embryo before it can survive outside the uterus. Abortion seems to be more common in today’s society. Numerous amounts of individuals support abortion, and do not realize how it affectsRead MoreAbortion Persuasive Essay736 Words   |  3 Pagesfavor of abortion rights. The decision was 7-2, it stated that it showed a â€Å"right of privacy.†Abortions have been performed for thousands of years all around the world, even though many women died from it. Women nowadays have a choice of whether they want to get an abortion. Abortions do come with risk, one of them being death, but women should still have a right and say what they want to do with pregnancy and not be judged by others for doing so. Today the debate across the world is if abortion shouldRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion1321 Words   |  6 Pagessomeone who may be suicidal or who is suicidal himself/herself. As for taking away fetus’ lives, the damage that abortion makes on life can be proven with the statistics. According to Casey, â€Å"over the past 44 years, one-sixth (60,000,000) of the American population has been killed by elective abortion. Twenty-five percent of African-Americans are killed in the womb America,† (Should Abortion Be Legal n.p.). The figure 60,000,000 is a depressing number considering that these children could have been future

Advantages and Costs that Accrue to the City of Gold Coast

Question: Discuss about the Sports Management Advantages and Costs that Accrue to the City of Gold Coast. Answer: Introduction In the recent times, Commonwealth Games have grown into major international sporting events that attract large crowds of people from all over the world. The increasing interest in these games and the growing amount of capital invested in hosting these mega-events have seen many cities bidding to host the games as an opportunity of improving its economic and social aspects. Gold Coast is one of such cities that will be hosting the event come 2018. However, with so much attention trailed on the potential benefits that come from hosting such international sporting events, little attention has been given to the costs that accompany it. Thus, the present paper discusses the advantages and costs that accrue to the city of Gold Coast. The paper examines the economic, social and environment impact in the lead up to the events, during the event itself as well as five years after the event. Impacts of the 2018 Commonwealth Games to the Gold Coast City Economic Impacts (Jago Dwyer, 2013) in their view, considers economic impacts as the net sum of the all the economic consequences of the money that is attracted to the host city as a result of the event as it flows through the hosts economy. Before a sports event occurs, the host country often spends a lot of funds in constructing stadia, and it is accompanied facilities which can accommodate a large number of visitors. (Malfas, Houlihan, Theodoraki, 2004) argues that hosting the sports event can result in the generation of psychic income resulting from the psychological and emotional benefits which the Cold Coast residents will receive as being associated with the events. These psychic incomes may include prestige, power and fame and the greater the anticipated psychic income, the higher a consumer of the event will be willing to pay to attend the sports thus generating more revenue for the city (Wicker Sotiriadou, 2013). Based on the study conducted by (Prayag, Hosany, Nunkoo, Alders, 2013) on the 2012 Olympic Games, hosting a mega sports event such as Commonwealth games have both positive and negative economic impacts on the host country. Some of the positive economic impacts of the event according to the author include creating business and employment opportunities for the residents, increased tax revenues, improvements in the infrastructures especially the transportation network and stadia. Others are increasing in investment rates and associated accelerated growth for the local community and increased local expenditure in the host economy (Prayag, Hosany, Nunkoo, Alders, 2013). (Fredline Faulkner, 2000) supports the notion by indicating that hosting such mega event can improve the status of the destinations tourism industry which results from the increase in the number of tourists, their length of stay during and after the event and their level of expenditure. Enhanced tourism industry can generate more revenues to the host country through foreign exchange. The study conducted by (Lee Taylor, 2005), revealed similar results on economic benefits of hosting a sporting event based on the findings on the 2002 FIFA World Cup. On the other hand, it is also noted that hosting a mega event can result in numerous negative economic impacts to Gold Coast city which may discourage the host city from hosting future events. Some of the noted adverse economic impacts include increased tax burden for the local community, price inflation due to the rising demand and it can also lead to the mismanagement of public funds (Jago Dwyer, 2013). Hosting such a mega event such as Commonwealth games demands the construction of public facilities for the visitors and exorbitant operating costs in the form of wages and security equipment. These expenses are often regarded as misuse of taxpayers money as the event only last for a short period with not certain long-term impacts (Downward Ralston, 2006); (Lee Taylor, 2005). A good example of exorbitant expenditure was noted in the 2008 Beijing Olympics which had an estimated cost of over $40 billion causing a huge effect on the countrys Gross National Product (GNP). Conversely, mega events can further results in the crowding out of most regular business travelers on many occasions will tend to avoid the hosting city during the event and this leads to loss of revenues. In the long-term such as five years following the, it is noted by (Ritchie Smith, 1991) that hosting a mega event can result in the creation of global awareness of the host city thereby increasing its image in the international markets and this is vital for its tourism sector. Enhancing a region's brand in the global market can, in the long run, provide a stronger competitive position for the country and this intern enhances the citys tourism receipts. Social Impacts Social impacts of an event are associated with how the sporting event changes the standard way of life or the quality of the life of the residents of Gold Coast city. There are three primary categories of the social impacts of an event which include the effects on the host citys individuals and communities, the tourists and that which exist on tourist-host interrelationships (Lecture3, 2017). As observed by (Prayag, Hosany, Nunkoo, Alders, 2013), hosting mega sporting events such as the Olympics and the Commonwealth games can result in both positive and negative impacts before, during and after the event. Hosting a sporting event will help bring the community of the Gold Coast city together giving the residents the chance of meeting and interacting with new individuals. The event will further enhance the residents pride in the global arena, promote Gold Coast city as a desired tourist destination and makes the people understand and appreciate the different culture. Additionally, it will strengthen the cultural values and traditions of the residents and lastly, the event can help build the national identity (Ritchie Smith, 1991) ; (Malfas, Houlihan, Theodoraki, 2004). Social impacts of sporting events are mostly experienced during and after the event, and some of the positive social effects of the events as noted by (Ohmann, Jones, Wilkes, 2006) include shared experience among the locals and visitors, revitalization of traditions and expansion of the citys cultural perspectives. (Ohmann, Jones, Wilkes, 2006) further indicates such events increases community participation and togetherness, introduces new and challenging ideas vital for social growth and it can also lead to the enhancement of community pride and identity (Ohmann, Jones, Wilkes, 2006). Borrowing from the findings from the Sydney Olympics as noted by (Waitt, 2003), hosting the Commonwealth games will create a feeling of excitement and pride among many residents of the Gold Coast city during the period of the event. Through collective sharing, hosting of the Commonwealth will in the long-term enhance the quality of life of the residents through the act of urban regeneration (Fredline Faulkner, 2000). As observed by (Toohey, 2008), the concept of urban regeneration encompasses physical dimension that is in the form of architecture and the creation of the image and social perspective which enhances the quality of life of the residents of Gold Coast city. This rejuvenation of the city is therefore regarded as a long term effect of hosting a sporting event which often occurs after five years upon hosting the event. It leads to improved traffic conditions, reduced air pollution as a form of socio-environmental benefit and it also transforms the city and its peripheries hence improving the quality life of the residents (Waitt, 2003). Further, hosting the Commonwealth games can have positive tourism impacts on the community such as strengthening the communitys cultural values and building of the count rys identity (Prayag, Hosany, Nunkoo, Alders, 2013). Some of the noted negative social impacts that may accrue to Gold Coast City as a result of hosting the Commonwealth games may include substance abuse, social dislocation and high levels of prostitution. Hosting the games can also result in community alienation, loss of amenity resulting from noise and overcrowding, traffic congestion and the loss of social and leisure habits (Toohey, 2008). Other adverse effects that the city my experience in the short term include the disruption of community life, theft, community manipulation and increased crime rates due to the high number of individuals in the city. Environmental Impacts The mainly cited positive impact on the environment owing to mega events is related to the establishment of new infrastructure which includes stadia, better transport systems, enlarged airport capacities and considerable upgrades in the water and sewage systems. Arguably, upgrades of most of these facilities might not have been feasible either politically or financially without the anticipation of the events.(Fredline Faulkner, 2000), argue that mega events often provide a strong rationale for accelerating urban regeneration developments as well as the reallocation of scarce resources that otherwise might have taken many years of planning. (David, 2009) observes that the preparation for the events also leads to the regeneration of run-down parts of the country which accelerates the realization of intergenerational equity where resources are distributed equitably to various parts of the hosting city to ensure optimal standard and capacity of international participation(Lecture5, 2017 ). Indisputably, prior to the mega sports events, considerable adjustments are made on the environment with the high hopes of enhancing the aesthetic view, especially for the many incoming guests. (David, 2009) observes that serious concerns are often placed strategically on improving the outlook for the ecologically systems in the drive to facilitate easy mobility and access to various facilities for the use of the events in particular by the residents of Gold Coast (Lecture4, 2017). During the sports events, the growing consumer sentiment especially in regard to the mega events and on their livelihood would improve the overall quality of life of the Gold Coast residents. Most people will become considerably aware of their environment and its place at the centre of sustainability of sport and other major events. Five years down the line, the environmental impact would still be felt especially in those areas where considerable efforts were placed in restoring the countrys natural herita ge. However, (Faulkner, 2003) attest to the reality that while the preparation for the mega sports events may fast-track infrastructural developments, these rapid developments presents a significant ecological threat to the sustainability of the environment in almost all fronts. Extant literature raises concerns about the lack of correlation that exist between pre-event infrastructural investments in optimistic projections which include anticipated benefits and eventual post-event outcomes which are complex and not easily assessed quantitatively especially owing to their occurrence over extended periods (Faulkner, 2003). During the periods of mega sports events, people are often overtaken by the happening in their immediate surrounding to their extent that they overlook the environmental cost of hosting the event. An examination of mega-events literature shows that in most developing nation, tourism development is dependent on the appeal of the available natural resources, serene and beautiful landscapes which are always associated with the sensitive ecosystem (David, 2009). Emerging pieces of literature suggest that crowding of people at various sporting places have the potential of impacting negatively on the local ecosystems by hastening pollution and waste to some specific biological and culturally diverse places. The mega-events lead to exploitation of reserves of some irreplaceable natural capital as well as destructing the natural heritage in the areas. (Lockstone Baum, 2008) observes that a lot of energy and water is often consumed during these events and the results are huge carbon footprin ts on the environment which is felt even after many years following the events. Five years after the event, Gold Coast will experience the impact of the generated greenhouse gasses which were mainly emitted primarily by transport activities during the mega-sport event. Some scholars have argued that the carbon footprints have led to shifting climate change which has drastic impact on other sectors such as agriculture as well as the natural coexistence of various inhabitants of the ecosystem. Further, (Fredline Faulkner, 2000) observes that hosting mega-events also have long term effect on flora and fauna especially in protected areas. The author notes that although events attendees may pose minimal threat to flora and fauna more so directly, the crowding of people may interfere with the order of the natural habitat which may have an adverse effect on the breeding and feeding patterns of the animals. Consequently, the population of animals and vegetation may shrink even after many years following the major events such as sports (Collins, Jones, Munday, 2009). B esides, extreme ecological disturbance may also enhance migration of some animals and this lead to decline economic advantage of the country in terms of decreased tourism activities. Economic, Social and Environmental Impacts on the Triple Bottom Line of Events Over the years, the real value of what (Downward Ralston, 2006) would regard as worth of planned mega events have always been obscured by the unanimous over-emphasis on one aspect of it all, namely event tourism or so to say economic benefits. The social and cultural values of events have until recently been ignored to the extent that it is troubling to identify let alone measure them. Again, the environmental impact of event tourism has always been given inadequate attention in a manner that pollution and waste associated with these events have not been included in the economic assessment. Thus, many scholars among whom(Lecture5, 2017);(Lecture9, 2017) have conceived the inadequacies that are inherent in having one vantage point of assessing the value of mega-events, and this led to the introduction of a multi-thronged approach to evaluating the sustainability of the events. The new paradigm, the "triple-bottom-line" approach goes beyond the traditional parameters of measurements of economic benefits, namely return on investment, shareholder value to include social and environmental aspects of the games. Essentially, the new approach provides a comprehensive assessment of the mega-events along integrated facets of economic gains, the people and the planet in the drive to achieve sustainability goals. In applying TBL to mega-events management, (Fairley, Tyler, Kellett, DElia, 2011) provides a combination of TBL approach and Stakeholder Theory so that the outcomes can be enhanced to the interest of all stakeholders. Themanagement of stakeholders demands simultaneous attention to the legitimate interest of all parties involved when an event is hosted in a country. In event tourism, TBL approach ensures that every organization is held responsible or accountable for their economic, environmental and social contribution and the outcomes of the assessments mus t be communicated effectively to the relevant stakeholders. Mega-sport events often play significant roles in host destinations in terms of improving the economy, enhancing and enriching peoples culture as well as societal values (Downward Ralston, 2006). As spatial and temporal phenomena, sports provide unique moments of the interaction of different people in diverse settings and within differentmanagement systems. The obvious outcome of these interactions is always the economic value that the country gets during and even after the main event. An examination of the social, economic and environment impacts, reveal considerable effects on the triple bottom line of events. Socially, hosting events creates psychic benefits that are intangible but useful to the recipients as they help improve their feelings towards things, increase their civic pride as well as promote existence values. According to (Faulkner, 2003) since sports fans and tourist are major stakeholders who have powerful and legitimate claim on the mega-event, their interest is at the core of the social impact of the events. Thus, the very success and excellence of the events depend entirely on the attitude and satisfaction that these groups of individuals gain from the hosted games. The Gold Coast residents will have the opportunity to enjoy bequest value sometimes after the events, and this leads to increased cultural integration and participation. By hosting the events in 2018, the country will be placing its local businesses and economic infrastructures at a strategic position for an economic boost and tremendous expansion.(Lockstone Baum, 2008) observe that Gold Coast residents stand a chance of benefiting directly from hosting the Commonwealth Games. It is a position that has received support from (Waitt, 2003) who cited the Sydney example the economic benefits that the country enjoyed after the events. Additionally, considering the environmental impacts, hosting mega-sport events create considerable awareness to the environment. Many projects will be initiated to enhance proper utilization of the environment while at the same time increase accessibility and capacity of the facilities. In other words, the very anticipation of hosting the Commonwealth Games would initiate establishment and regeneration of projects especially in areas that would otherwise remain undeveloped (Lecture6, 2017). However, the degeneration and degradation of the environment and destruction of natural heritage would open a new page where necessary policies geared towards sustainable would be established to ensure conservation of the environment. Conclusion Hosting Commonwealth Games provides considerable benefits and of course associated costs in the country especially in terms of its economy, social aspects as well as environmental dimensions. A critical review of emerging literature shows that despite the many preparations and large financial inputs, the outcomes of the games are often felt on the two sides of the divide in almost equal measure. Some of the impacts either positive or negative may be considered over a short period or even extended periods of time after the games. Major international games invigorate the establishment of modern infrastructures that are meant to improve communication, transportation, and access to various facilities as well as improvement of social amenities. On the other hand, mega-sport events have a drastic negative impact on the social degradation of a community, economic stability as well as massive degradation of the environment. Thus, is almost every measure, these impacts have a consequential ou tcome on the sustainability of such games in a country. References Collins, A., Jones, C., Munday, M. (2009). Assessing the environmental impacts of mega sporting events: Two options?. Tourism Management, 30(6), 828-837. David, L. (2009). Environmental Impacts of Events. In R. Raj, J. Musgrave, (Eds.), Event management and sustainability (pp. 66-74). UK: CABI. Downward, P. M., Ralston, R. (2006). Downward, P.The sports development potential of sports event volunteering: Insights from the XVII Manchester Commonwealth Games. . European Sport Management Quarterly,, 6(4), 333-351. Fairley, S., Tyler, B. D., Kellett, P., DElia, K. (2011). The formula one Australian grand prix: Exploring the triple bottom line. Sport Management Review, 14(2), 141-152. Faulkner, H. W. (2003). Evaluating the tourism impacts of hallmark events. In H. W. Faulkner, B. Faulkner, Progressing Tourism Research (pp. 93-113). Bristol: Channel View Publications. Fredline, E., Faulkner, B. (2000). Host community reactions: A cluster analysis. Annals of tourism research, 27(3), 763-784. Jago, L., Dwyer, B. (2013). Events and economics. In R. Finkel, D. McGillivray, G. McPherson, P. Robinson, Research themes for events (pp. 68-77). CABI. Lecture3. (2017). Social Impacts of Events on the Host Community. Lecture4. (2017). Social Impacts of Events on Event Visitors. Lecture5. (2017). Impacts of events on natural and built environments. Lecture6. (2017). Impacts of the economy on event tourism. Lecture9. (2017). Triple Bottom Line Evaluation. Lee, C. K., Taylor, T. (2005). Critical reflections on the economic impact assessment of a mega-event: the case of 2002 FIFA World Cup. Tourism management, 26(4), 595-603. Lockstone, L., Baum, T. ( 2008). Fun in the family: Tourism and the Commonwealth Games. International Journal of tourism research, 10(6), 497-509. Malfas, M., Houlihan, B., Theodoraki, E. (2004). Impacts of the Olympic Games as mega-events. Municipal Engineer, 209-220. Ohmann, S., Jones, I., Wilkes, K. (2006). The perceived social impacts of the 2006 Football World Cup on Munich residents. Journal of Sport Tourism, 11(2), 129-152. Prayag, G., Hosany, S., Nunkoo, R., Alders, T. (2013). London residents' support for the 2012 Olympic Games: The mediating effect of overall attitude. Tourism Management, , 36, 629-640. Ritchie, J. B., Smith, B. H. (1991). The impact of a mega-event on host region awareness: A longitudinal study. Journal of Travel Research, 30(1), 3-10. Toohey, K. (2008). The Sydney Olympics: Striving for legaciesovercoming short-term disappointments and long-term deficiencies. The International Journal of the History of Sport , 25(14), 1953-1971. Toohey, K., Taylor, T. (2008). Mega events, fear, and risk: Terrorism at the Olympic Games. Journal of Sport Management, 22(4), 451-469. Waitt, G. (2003). Social impacts of the Sydney Olympics. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(1), 194-215. Wicker, P., Sotiriadou, P. (2013). The Trickle-Down Effect: what population groups benefit from hosting major sport events? International Journal of Event Management Research , 8(2), 25-41.

Nonwoven Hollow Fibers to Improve Cars Interior Acoustic Properties free essay sample

Two kinds of fibers were used, polyester and hollow polyester fibers, both of 6 denier, to produce three different fabrics of 100% polyester fibers, 75% polyester/25% hollow polyester fibers, and 55% polyester45% hollow polyester fibers. Four fabric weights were produced: 300, 400, 500 and 600 g/m2. All samples were bonded using thermal bonding technique. More results were reached and most samples have achieved the expected results for example, samples produced with high percentage of hollow fibers have recorded the highest rates of sound absorption whereas samples produced with 100% polyester fibers have recorded the lowest rates. It was also found that there is a direct relationship between weight per m2 and sound absorption efficiency. Samples produced with 55% polyester/45% hollow polyester fibers and 600 g/m2 have achieved the best results. Keywords: Nonwoven Fabrics, Hollow Fibers, Cars Interior Acoustic Properties, sound Insulation 1. Introduction frequently used in automotive interiors to reduce heat levels (Imfeld et al. as customers expect more comfort, better safety, good appearance (both externally and internally), high performance and good fuel mileage (Mukhopadhyay, 2000). We will write a custom essay sample on Nonwoven Hollow Fibers to Improve Cars Interior Acoustic Properties or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Textiles make a major contribution towards realizing customers’ expectations due to their advantages which made textiles a preferable material because of their high capacity to take moisture, adjustable porosity, high-pile fibrous surface, low-cost recycling, and the flexibility and diversity in combining textiles with other materials. Bottcher, 2005). Due to the diverse product range, automotive textiles can be classified into upholstery and carpeting (Desai ,2005) which have a decisive influence on acoustic comfort (Laser, 1997) interior components such as head liners, and doors and side panels (Desai, 2005) which are foam backed components to achieve easier installation and improve acoustical properties (Waugh, 1986) and tyres, safety devices (such as seat belts and airbags), filters and engine compartment items (Desai, 2005). When talking about textiles, most people think of clothing, home textile and the like. Only few think about the automotive industry (Wilkens, 2005). In fact, automotive textiles are considered one of the most important markets in the technical textiles sector (Mukhopadhyay, 2000). Over the last decades, the field of non-conventional textiles has been witnessing a material revolution which has resulted in improved and economical products (Tilgul, 1990). The automotive industry has become so competitive that manufacturers are reluctant to divulge precise details of their process for fear that textiles are widely used in transportation vehicles and systems, including cars, trains, buses, airplanes, and marine vehicle (Fung and Hardcastle , 2001) automotive textiles are growth markets in terms of quantity, quality and product variety (Parikh et al. , 2002). it could be helpful to their competitors. Industrial Motor vehicle remains an important means for individual transport worldwide. The interior of transportation vehicles is receiving more attention these days. Acoustical insulation products are * Corresponding author. Tel. : 0020105199359, Fax 0096664224273 E-mail address: [emailprotected] com (Ghalia El-Shenawy) 49 RJTA Vol. 16 No. 3 Aug 2012 1. 1. Noise in Cars Noise has become serious environment pollution in our daily life and is an increasing public health problem, as noise can cause erious health effects such as hearing loss, sleep disturbance, tiredness, cardiovascular and psychophysiologic problems and performance reduction. It is very important to control or reduce noise from traffic, and in factories, offices and houses (Lou et al. , 2005). Car noise is essentially caused by the unit sound, the exhaust system noise, the air suction, noise, rolling and wind noises (Helmer, 2002). Today, the dominant approach to achieving interior quietness relies to a large extent upon the ability to create impermeable enclosures around vehicle occupants through the use of several heavy interior layers (sound transmission loss), but recently a new concept has been emerged suggesting that sound can be reduced by replacing reflection (sound transmission loss) with dissipation (interior sound absorption area) by eliminating heavy barrier layers with light weight porous materials (Buskirk Middleton, 1999). Nonwoven is employed as fabrics for different kinds of interior applications. The numerous applications of nonwoven in cars can be classified into functional and aesthetic but there is a third category that of substitutes for other materials. Nonwoven can be made in a wide range of densities and different forms; the use of nonwoven is increasing because it offers great versatility and cost effectiveness (Adanur, 1995). Each vehicle requires about 20 m2 of nonwoven materials (Lou et al. , 2005) which are used specially for insulation, noise dissipation and as filter materials. Woven and knitted fabrics are also used in producing automotive fabrics but to a lesser extent compared to nonwoven fabrics (Hilden, 2002). 1. 2 Hollow Fibers (nitrogen) in the polymeric solution (in the wet spinning process) or by melt spinning through specially designed spinnerets (Hoechst Celanese Corporation , 1990). Hollow fibers provide greater bulk with less weight; they are therefore often used to make insulation fabrics (Tortora Phyllis, 2002). 2. 2. 1 The Experimental Work Specification of Samples Under Study In order to produce samples under study, the nonwoven technique was applied using cross-laid fiber orientation. Two kinds of textile materials were used: polyester and hollow polyester fibers, both of 6 denier, to produce three different fabrics of 100% polyester fibers, 75% polyester and 25 % hollow polyester fibers and 55% polyester/ 45% hollow polyester fibers. Four fabric weights were also produced: 300, 400, 500,and 600 g/m2 . All samples were bonded using thermal bonding technique (hot air method (by adding a small proportion of low–melting point polyester fibers (about 15% and melting point of 110oC). Tables (1) and (2) illustrate the specification of all sample production. 2. Tests Applied to Samples Under Study Hollow fibers are polymeric fibers that have a continuous hole running down the middle, which is created by the introduction of air or other gas In order to evaluate the performance properties of the produced samples, the following tests were carried out. Test 1: Sound absorption coefficient, this test was carried out according to the ASTM E 1050-1982. The sound (noise) absorption values (%) of samples under study were measured at 6 different frequencies: 125, 250, 500 Hz (low frequency tube) and 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz (high frequency tube). Test 2: Air permeability, this test was carried out according to the (ASTM-D 4491-92) Test 3: Fabric thickness, this test was carried out according to the (ASTM- D -1777). 50 RJTA Vol. 16 No. 3 Aug 2012 Table 1. Specification of samples production Sample No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Property Fiber type Fiber count Fiber length Fabrics material Web formation Fabric weight (g/m ) Bonding technique 2 Specification Polyester and hollow polyester fibers 6 denier 64 mm 100 % polyester fibers ,75 %polyester /25 % hollow polyester fibers and 55 % polyester / 45 % hollow polyester fibers. Cross-laid 300,400,500 and 600 Thermal bonding Table 2. Specification of all samples under study Sample no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Fabric weight (g/m2) 300 300 300 400 400 400 500 500 500 600 600 600 Fabric material 100% polyester fibers 75% polyester /25% hollow polyester fibers 55% polyester /45% hollow polyester fiber 100% polyester fibers 75% polyester /25% hollow polyester fibers 55% polyester /45% hollow polyester fiber 100% polyester fibers 75% polyester /25% hollow polyester fibers 55% polyester /45% hollow polyester fiber 100% polyester fibers 75% polyester /25% hollow polyester fibers 55% polyester /45% hollow polyester fiber 51 RJTA Vol. 16 No. Aug 2012 Table 3. Results of all tests applied to samples under study Tests Sound absorption (%) Air permeability (cm3/cm2/sec)

Ethics and Morality essays

Ethics and Morality essays Moral relativism and Nazism seem to go hand in hand. Moral relativism basically is the idea that morals and ethics do not necessarily reflect the objective or universal moral truth, but instead they relate to societies, culture, and even personal conditions. Thus, as a Nazi, moral relativism fits right in with my culture and societal beliefs that whites are supreme, Jews are inferior, and the world needs to be won over to Nazism. It would be very attractive to me because it would allow me to believe what I wanted to believe, despite the clear ethical and moral problems concerned, and it would even help me rationalize my behavior against "inferior" races, such as the Jews. It would in effect help me become racist and evil by allowing me to create my own alternative morals and ethics, whether they had anything to do with real reality and morality or not. Captured terrorists should be treated as prisoners of war because that is what they are. They are waging war on the western world, killing as many people as they can, and they feel they are justified because of their religion. They are prisoners of war, because if they were not in prison they would be waging more war on America and other nations, and so, they should be treated as prisoners of war. They should not get any special treatment, and they should not be treated any worse than the standards for prisoners of war allow. But, they should be treated as prisoners of war and enemies of the western world. The purpose of punishment is to deter the offender and others from committing future crimes. That is why prison is so harsh and uncomfortable. Offenders should not want to stay in prison or return to prison, they should want to get out and not go back, and that should help deter them from committing further crimes. The purpose of punishment, no matter whether it is in prison or not, it to stop that behavior and replace it with a more acceptable behavior. ...